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"In my eyes, a healthy system and people’s supervision are reliable. Without people’s supervision, no matter how noble people are, they will soon fall," Zhang Yiping said
"It’s a bit cumbersome to choose this and that," Qu Weiqing said. "Unless the provincial system is abolished."
"Abolish the provincial system?" Zhang Yiping said, "whose opinion is this?"
"Kang You is the advocate of abolishing the provincial system," Qu Weiqing said. "There has been a heated debate over whether to set up a provincial government in recent decades."
Then Qu Weiqing briefly introduced the provincial system of one health and one waste to Zhang Yiping.
In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the population of China reached 400 million, with an average population of 20,000 more than that of medium-sized European countries. In addition, the people’s feelings at the grass-roots level were difficult to reach the court, so the reformers in the late Qing Dynasty questioned the provincial system very early.
In The First Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Kang You criticized the official system for the first time at that time. He advocated that the second emperor of the Qing Dynasty put forward a specific proposal to abolish the provincial system, abolishing the provincial and government administrative agencies, and setting up a governor at the county level to lead the magistrate of a county.
On the eve of the Reform Movement of 1898, Kang You reiterated this idea in The Fourth Emperor of Qing Dynasty. In The Sixth Emperor of Qing Dynasty, Kang You still advocated the "Chinese system", but changed the proposal of "setting up a governor in each road" to "setting up a civil affairs bureau in each road to supervise the affairs"
Kang You’s suggestion was appreciated by Emperor Guangxu, but it was not long before the Reform Movement of 1898, and the achievements of the 100-day reform were paid to the east, and Kang You, Liang Qichao and others were fugitives overseas.
After listening to this, Zhang Yiping laughed, "Kang has this stubborn old man, but he still has a little vision. Especially,’ Every road has a civil affairs bureau to lead the magistrate of a county’ won my heart. If we unite with county and city autonomy, it will also be a good law administrative region. If the local power becomes smaller, the central government will be more stable, and there will be no independent events in one province after another. Although Kang has a desire from the Qing court, there is also a place to borrow."
Qu Weiqing continued to introduce and said
At the beginning of the century, Liang Qichao’s thought was quite radical, and almost the revolutionaries were different from him. Ou Yijia and others actively advocated the separation of ten provinces, saying that Kang You was in a hurry to hear the news. Classmates Zhu Qichao and others talked about India’s national subjugation due to the independence of provinces, and taught Liang Qichao and others the harm of separation of ten provinces in a very harsh tone.
After being severely criticized by Kang You, Liang Qichao gave up the revolution and advocated separation, and instead echoed the teacher’s idea of abolishing the province and suggested gradually implementing the idea of cutting the governor and abolishing the province. However, his idea was strongly criticized by Dai Jitao
Dai Jitao’s Tianduo newspaper accused Liang Qichao of "abolishing the governor" and "wanting the people of the whole country to change the slaves of the central government", which probably meant that abolishing the provincial system and making the central government too powerful was not conducive to democratic construction
When the Revolution of 1911 broke out, a province declared its independence, and the rest of the provinces rushed to respond angrily, which made the later players finally see that the excessive local power was harmful. Dai Jitao advocated the idea of dividing the provinces into independent bases and establishing the Republic of China, so no one was willing to recall the political leaders’ views on the revolutionary party, constitutionalists and former bureaucrats at that time, except the Sun faction in the League, who believed in the central policy and agreed with the theory of abolishing the province.
In January, 1912, another man named Zhang Taiyan founded the first platform of the United Party "Consolidating the territory of the country and rectifying the administrative areas" and advocated changing the provincial roads. He pointed out that the division of one province and several provinces was only 60 or 70 provinces under the control of the central government, but 20 or 30 counties were under the control of the central government, so the central government decree was easy. Therefore, Zhang Xiluan, a confidant of Yuan Shikai and the first governor of Zhili in the Republic of China, said that the diversion of waste provinces had three major benefits and requested that "heaven should be promoted from the direct provinces first".
In January 1912, Yuan Shikai’s government submitted a draft to the Provisional Senate on the issue of provincial system, which recognized that "to solve the problem of eliminating provincial roads and administering counties", it proposed two specific methods.
In the first way, dividing the country into 40 is more than 50 national administrative divisions and autonomous organizations; There are more than 450 counties under the jurisdiction of each county, and the national administrative divisions and autonomous organizations are the same; Each county governs several towns and several townships, and some townships are purely autonomous organizations.
The first method is two-tier system. If it is inconvenient to split the provinces, the second method is proposed, such as
The second method, still leave the province to combine several provinces, set up the name of the central envoy, and set up a special department to supervise various non-autonomous groups, so the provincial Council and other autonomous machines. The second method is a virtual three-level system
At this time, Zhang Yiping interrupted Quweiqing’s statement and said, "Yuan Shikai’s government draft is still good. Whether it is a two-tier system or a virtual three-tier system is excellent."
I heard a very important message from it: local autonomy! It seems that this concept of "local autonomy" has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Even Yuan Shikai, a man who wants to be an emperor, agrees with local autonomy. It seems that the concept of democracy has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people in this period, but the era in which I lived was a retrogression … "
"What do you mean by your age? "Qu Weiqing asked doubtfully." Does the Commander-in-Chief mean your life abroad? “
Zhang Yiping woke up and said, "Yes, that’s what I’m talking about. Go on. I’m getting more and more interested in this theory of waste province."
Qu Weiqing went on talking.
On January 1, 1912, the State Council formulated the outline of the virtual three-level system according to the second method mentioned above. However, after Yuan Shikai’s government adopted the "virtual three-level system" plan, Kang You wrote a voluminous article "Abolishing the provincial proposal" to argue that "going to the provincial highway" is not feasible. He said that the province must be abolished. However, the administrative region, the county, the second-level road and the military and political area can be used in frontier areas such as Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet.
Zhang Yiping said, "Didn’t Kang you advocate Dao County’s secondary system before this old killer? Now people adopt his opinion. Why did he change to the prefectural secondary system again? “
Quweiqing didn’t answer continued
On 26th September, 1913, Xiong Xiling decided to change the two levels of local administration to the first level, the second level, and the county level.
Xiong Xiling Pavilion has also drawn up two drafts, namely, changing provinces and states and changing provincial roads. The former divides 22 provinces into 3 states, while the latter divides 22 provinces into roads, which wastes the provinces and diverts them, reducing the power of government officials and seriously violating vested interests. Xiong Xiling’s plan to waste the province eventually failed.
In 1917, when Duan Qirui was the premier of the country, Liang Qichao, Wang Daxie and other researchers once again joined the cabinet. After Liang Qichao took up the post of Fan Yuanlian and served as the chief commander, he carefully planned and published the Opinions on Dividing the Administrative Regions of the Country in the name of the Spring Ministry in 1917.
The "Opinions" advocates adopting a two-level system of counties and counties. Counties are divided according to nine standards, such as area, mountain and river situation, geographical evolution, counties under jurisdiction, transportation, population and wealth. According to these nine standard countries, except Mongolia and Tibet, 57 counties and 7 special areas are divided.
Just as the research is preparing to implement the policy of changing the waste province into the county, the political situation is once again in turmoil. First, there is a struggle between the government and the court, then there is zhang xun restoration, and then there is the Civil War … If the waste province is said, there will be no more people.
Zhang Yiping reasoned his thoughts and said, "If we want to build an efficient and clean government, we must pay high salaries and maintain honesty, and at the same time try our best to reduce administrative expenses. Therefore, we must reduce the number of officials and abolish provincial and regional autonomy to achieve this goal."
In addition, based on the principle of election, members of the House of Representatives require one in each county and the total number should not exceed 1,000. We should merge the number of counties with 1,000.
In addition, the requirement of members of the Senate is that there are no more than 150 counties in each province, so we can divide 1000 counties into 50 provinces, and each province has 40 counties … "
Qu Weiqing said, "Since the total number of staff officers does not exceed 1,500, why don’t we set up 75 roads and two senators for each road to govern about 30 counties?"
"Tao sounds strange, too many provinces are not used to it!" Zhang Yiping so let QuWeiQing turned over.
"I think Yuan Shikai’s government’s plan to set up in the province is very good, that is, the administrative structure of setting up the central government’s special envoy to supervise autonomous bodies such as provincial councils in various counties can be called’ virtual two-tier system’, which is more thorough than the theory of abolishing the province."
Qu Weiqing said, "The trip is feasible and has obvious advantages. The central government has strengthened local autonomy, respected and guaranteed public opinion, and the number of elections is not so many. Just elect the county magistrate and members of the Senate and the House of Representatives of the President."
"And now we have also implemented a virtual two-tier system. After the army overthrew the governors and overseers of the provinces, the provincial government machine was replaced by the consultative bureau, and the two-level administrative machine of the government and the road was abolished. The county-level administrative machine was supervised by the provincial consultative bureau and operated normally."
"It is very difficult and laborious to change more than 2,000 counties in the country into 1,000!" Qu Weiqing said with a frown, but then said, "But although it is difficult, our incorruptible party can also complete it."
Qu Weiqing now lives in Zhongnanhai. He is the deputy chief of staff of the High Command, but in fact he has become the prime minister of the interim government.
It will take a long time if the county-level administrative agencies are reorganized according to the requirements of Zhang Yiping’s "virtual two-level system"
Before this work is completed, the Senate and the House of Representatives can’t produce it. The longer this period is, the longer it will take for him to temporarily govern, which will be more beneficial to the clean and honest party.
When the Senate and the House of Representatives and the county heads are elected, it will take at least a few years. By then, the clean and honest party will be full-fledged, and there will be no other party in the country as her opponent.
"Make a plan to publish a newspaper for all walks of life to discuss the truth. The more you argue, the more you don’t be afraid of criticism. Choose an appropriate time to send it to the Senate to let these members pass. This guy doesn’t have it," Zhang Yiping said
"In addition, the interim government has been prepared for so long. Brother Wei Qing should also be established. Are you the prime minister of the interim government? Or be my deputy chief of staff? " Zhang Yiping asked.
Qu Weiqing said, "Can the so-called interim prime minister be a temporary situation and the general staff can’t live without me?"
"You can’t have your cake and eat it. In the General Staff, Brother Zhen Fang will come back soon. When our European things are carried back, the foreign corps will gradually reduce Brother Zhen Fang, and there is no need to stay there."
"Now that Brother Zhen Fang is back, I can rest assured to be the so-called interim prime minister," Qu Weiqing said.
Zhang Yiping sent Qu Weiqing out to have a rest when the grand shopkeeper and Cheng Siliang came to see him together. Zhang Yiping already knew about what they were looking for, so he asked them to come in.
Cheng Siliang and Shopkeeper Sheng also brought a gentleman of about forty years old with gold thread and glasses. This man is called Jiong, a lawyer in Hai.
Zhang Yiping greeted them with tea, and the shopkeeper said, "The Commander-in-Chief has been preparing and sorting out the Gun King Group according to your instructions for one year, and it has been formally established based on the principle of low adjustment. We didn’t engage in celebrations."
Zhang Yiping smiled and said, "You don’t have to rob money to engage in activities! Ha ha … "
Cheng Siliang said, "It’s not all about grabbing the facts. Every sum of our money comes above board …"
Zhang Yiping doesn’t care if it’s not just fair. He laughs. "It’s all so-called that no one can take it away now."